The scientific method is a process for forming and testing solutions to problems, or theorizing about how or why things work.  It tries to reduce the influence of "faith" or bias or prejudice of the experimenter so that the process is valid anywhere in our world.

State the problem and observe conditions
You observe or wonder about something in your world, or in your class, and wonder how, why, when, something occurs

• Create a short, meaningful title for your project

• Write out a statement of purpose that describes what you want to do

• Make a careful, step-by-step notation of your observations. Be objective. Do not guess why something is happening. That takes place later.

• Gather information of similar research. This is a literature review.

• Identify the significant conditions or factors of the situation.

• Summarize the problem in a clear, simple statement.  Emphasize the end result or effect.

Form your hypothesis

• Define your research options:

  • What are possible causes for what you observed? Could they reliably and consistently predict or determine the same outcome?  

  • What causes are the least likely to affect the outcome?

  • What are the best choices?
     

• Choose the best option or answer to your problem as your hypothesis.  
  This will be an "educated guess" based upon both your observation and past experiences. 
   

•  State your hypothesis in a simple, clear statement.

  Hypothesis:  a possible explanation for a cause and effect of a given situation or set of factors that can be tested, and can be repetitively  proved right (or wrong!)   (Remember:  A hypothesis is not an observation or description of an event, that is in the first, observation stage!)

Test your hypothesis

•  Types of data you need

  •  the physical sciences of chemistry and physics rely heavily on numbers as data, and on replicable experimentation to measure and calculate results

  • sciences such as sociology rely on interviews and observation due to limitations of experimentation with human subjects, and use descriptions and inferences to arrive at results
     

• Design an experiment to test your hypothesis.

  • make a step-by-step procedure with each step's purpose.

  • List and obtain the materials and equipment you will need.

  • identify two groups in the test: 
    The control group is your reference point; no variables are changed.
    The experimental group is the focus of changes to affect the outcome.

  • Rely on your past experience to identify variables, but consult with a knowledgeable person for a second opinion
     

• Run a series of experiments

  • Change only one variable in each experiment in order to isolate effects reliably

  • Make and record accurate measurements.

  • Repeat the test as often as necessary with the experimental group to verify your results.  Always change only one thing, or variable, in each test

  • Repeat successful tests with other groups 
    to verify your findings
     

• Common mistakes

  • the hypothesis is assumed to be the "answer" and is not supported with  testing.

  • Data is ignored that doesn't support your outcome.

  • Beliefs/bias blind you to fatal flaws in the testing phase.

  • Systematic errors are not noticed and are repeated within each experiment.  These bias the outcome's standard deviation.

  • Equipment or conditions are not adequate.

Draw conclusions

• Summarize your results and conclusions. Use graphs and tables to illustrate these. 

• Refer back to your observations, data, and hypothesis for consistency

•  Note difficulties and problems, items for further research, or what you would do differently if you could

If you did not prove your hypothesis, you have succeeded in another sense.  Unsuccessful experiments:

• provide information that can lead to answers by eliminating options;

• save someone the trouble of repeating your experiments;

• suggest other ways of solving similar problems

• Remember that research builds on the work of others.

• Item#: 26291301
• ISBN: 9780070564244
• Published: by McGraw Hill